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# Breiter Planet Hydrogen Blog
## [‘Low-cost renewable hydrogen may already be in reach’](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/low-cost-renewable-hydrogen-may-already-be-in-reach)
Jun 30, 2021 9:30:00 AM / by [Max Hall, pv magazine](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/author/max-hall-pv-magazine) posted in [Solar Finance](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/solar-finance), [California](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/california), [Policy](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/policy), [United States](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/united-states), [Markets](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/markets), [Utility-Scale PV](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/utility-scale-pv), [Finance](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/finance), [India](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/india), [Germany](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/germany), [Hydrogen](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/hydrogen), [Spain](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/spain), [Green Hydrogen](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/green-hydrogen), [China](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/china), [World](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/world), [utility scale storage](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/utility-scale-storage), [Australia](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/australia), [Sustainability](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/sustainability), [Industrial PV](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/industrial-pv), [Commercial PV](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/commercial-pv), [Japan](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/japan), [Utility Scale Markets](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/utility-scale-markets), [Hydrogen Production](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/hydrogen-production), [Canada](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/canada), [Green Finance](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/green-finance), [United Arab Emirates](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/united-arab-emirates), [Markets & Policy](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/markets-policy), [united kingdom](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/united-kingdom), [Hydrogen Economy](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/hydrogen-economy), [Saudi Arabia](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/saudi-arabia)
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Can the Middle East open the door to affordable clean hydrogen?
*Image: Ghadir Shaar*
A report by the [International Renewable Energy Agency](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2020/11/30/irena-raises-carbon-price-issue-in-green-hydrogen-policy-guide/) (IRENA) has suggested [affordable green hydrogen](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2021/06/11/the-hydrogen-stream-us-government-wants-to-reduce-green-hydrogen-cost-by-80-to-1-per-kilogram-in-one-decade/) could already be obtainable, based on the record-breaking low prices for solar negotiated in the Middle East.
Solar electricity tariffs of $0.0157, $0.0135 and $0.0104 per kilowatt-hour agreed in [Qatar](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2020/01/23/qatars-800-mw-pv-tender-saw-world-record-final-price-0-01567-kwh/), the [United Arab Emirates](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2020/04/28/abu-dhabis-2-gw-tender-draws-world-record-solar-bid-of-0-0135-kwh/) and [Saudi Arabia](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2021/04/08/saudi-arabias-second-pv-tender-draws-world-record-low-bid-of-0104-kwh/), respectively, in the last 18 months, would enable renewables-powered hydrogen to be produced for as little as $1.62 per kilogram, according to IRENA's *Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2020* report.
The Abu Dhabi-based international body made its calculations – all of which are in U.S. dollars – based on the $0.0104 solar power tariff agreed in Saudi Arabia in April, with green hydrogen generation being modeled at the [Dumat al Jandal](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2018/09/25/renewables-2-0-preparing-for-the-new-complexity-of-renewable-energy-in-a-post-subsidy-world/) site in the kingdom which boasts strong solar and wind power resources. With the site already hosting a wind farm, IRENA modeled a hydrogen plant which would also harness solar and be connected to the grid. The report suggested lack of a grid connection would raise the renewable hydrogen cost to $1.74/kg, which still compares favorably to the current $1.45-2.40/kg price of hydrogen production powered by [natural gas and equipped with carbon capture and storage](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2021/03/24/incentives-crucial-to-avoid-green-blue-and-even-purple-hydrogen-fading-to-grey/) (CCS) tech.
Further extrapolating the costs, the study estimated a fall in [hydrogen electrolyzer costs](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2021/06/17/costs-loom-as-hurdle-for-green-hydrogen-says-rystad-energy/), from $750 per kilowatt of capacity to $350, would enable renewable hydrogen production for $1.16/kg. Raising electrolyzer efficiency to 72.5% and extending stack lifetime from 15 to 17.5 on top of that, IRENA said, could take green hydrogen below the prized $1/kg point.
With this year's renewables price report explaining how the three tariffs secured in the Middle East since January 2020 can be regarded as viable without any hidden caveats or subsidy, the authors of the study stated: “low-cost renewable hydrogen may already be in reach.”
The document fleshed out how up to 800 GW of coal-fired power generation capacity worldwide could already be replaced by newly-built renewable energy facilities as solar and wind prices have dipped under the [cost of running legacy fossil fuel plants](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2020/10/23/its-cheaper-to-build-new-solar-than-it-is-to-operate-coal-plants/) in many markets. That estimate included a $5/MWh cost of integrating renewables into the electric grid and IRENA said, with around 40% of that overpriced capacity – and 37% of actual generation – based in [Bulgaria](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2020/09/16/bulgaria-wants-another-2-6-gw-of-renewables-by-2030-and-coal/), [Germany](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2020/08/05/germany-launches-first-auction-of-coal-exit-compensation-payments/), [India](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2021/06/07/cheaper-renewables-could-leave-new-indian-coal-assets-stranded/) and the [United States](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2021/04/15/solarstorage-pushing-aside-us-coal-natural-gas-says-ieefa/), decommissioning could save around $32 billion per year in energy costs. Making the switch would also eliminate three gigatons of carbon emissions – 20% of what IRENA estimates is needed to keep global heating to a [maximum 1.5 degrees Celsius](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2019/09/12/the-energy-transition-is-easily-affordable-but-all-hope-of-1-5c-warming-will-vanish-in-2028/) this century.
## The data
The latest edition of the report is based on data from around 20,000 renewables generation facilities worldwide which account for 1.9 TW of generation capacity, and on clean energy auction prices and power purchase agreements which add up to 582 GW of capacity. All the figures in the study exclude any form of [subsidy](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2020/05/26/renewables-can-avoid-crippling-lng-and-coal-subsidy-bill-for-bangladesh/) and the authors point out, adding [CCS](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2020/09/18/australian-government-reduces-support-for-solar-wind/) to the world's overpriced coal plants would merely drive up their costs further.
IRENA has estimated all of Bulgaria and [Germany](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2021/06/22/new-solar-will-be-cheaper-than-existing-conventional-power-stations-in-germany-this-year/)‘s coal plants will this year cost electricity bill payers more than new renewables facilities would, based on a European carbon emissions price of [€50 per ton](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2021/05/13/eu-carbon-price-running-at-level-not-expected-until-next-year/). Even without an emissions trading scheme in the U.S. and India, the picture is similar, with 77-91% of American coal plants and 87-91% of Indian facilities also overpriced.
That conclusion is based on an estimated levelized cost of energy [(LCOE) for solar power in India this year](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2021/03/05/solar-surpasses-wind-in-india/) of $0.033/kWh, down from $0.038 last year; and of $0.031 in the States this year, although the report's authors note the [solar module price has picked up](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2021/04/26/african-solar-installers-feel-the-pinch-of-rising-panel-prices/) between 1% and 9% in the first quarter of this year, thanks to shortages of raw materials such as [polysilicon](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2021/06/11/polysilicon-price-rally-may-have-reached-its-peak/).
With the [global LCOE of solar](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2021/04/13/solar-may-cover-75-of-global-electricity-demand-by-2050/) having fallen 7% from 2019 to last year, from $0.061 to $0.057/kWh, India led the world for low-price PV last year, with an average LCOE of $0.038/kWh for utility scale generation, ahead of [China](https://www.pv-magazine.com/magazine-archive/china-struggles-with-solar-supply/), with $0.044, and [Spain](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2019/06/26/germany-and-spain-to-be-the-solar-flag-bearers/), with $0.046. The authors noted Turkey also rapidly reduced average solar tariffs, to $0.052 last year, and [Australia](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2020/04/30/lcoe-from-large-scale-pv-fell-4-to-50-per-megawatt-hour-in-six-months/) posted an average $0.057.
That translated into average solar project development costs of [$596 per kilowatt installed in India,](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2021/06/16/module-price-increases-to-moderate-pv-project-returns-in-india/) the world's lowest figure and down 8% from Indian costs in 2019. Solar projects in [Vietnam](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2020/11/20/why-the-solar-ma-landscape-in-vietnam-is-set-to-heat-up/) came in to $949/kW and were only $796/kW in [Spain](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2021/06/08/more-room-remaining-for-small-medium-pv-projects-in-spain/) last year, the report added. At the other end of the scale, projects in [Russia](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2021/02/17/lcoe-of-off-grid-solar-plus-storage-in-russias-remote-areas-ranges-between-0-19-and-0-29-kwh/) cost $1,889/kW and, in [Japan](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2019/01/24/another-disappointing-solar-auction-for-japan-as-prices-stay-high/), $1,832, with those two countries exceptional among the 19 markets studied as the cost differences between areas from [Canada](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2019/10/25/merchant-solar-becoming-real-in-canada/) (at $1,275/kW) down to India, were more evenly distributed.
Auction results posted last year, for projects expected to be commissioned this year and next, prompted IRENA to estimate the global average solar power price will fall to $0.039/kWh this year before rising slightly to $0.04 next year, which would still be a 30% fall on this year's figure and 27% less than the LCOE to be expected from new-build coal plants. With the predictions based on 18.8 GW of renewables capacity expected this year and 26.7 GW due in 2022, the study estimated 74% of the clean energy facilities expected this year and next will be cheaper than new fossil fuel generation sites.
## Cheaper
Renewables are already making real headway, of course, with IRENA calculating 45.5 GW of the solar added last year was among the 62% of the 162 GW of clean energy facilities which were installed more cheaply than new-build coal plants.
Digging into the solar statistics, the report said mainstream solar panel costs in December ranged from $0.19 to $0.40 per Watt, for an average price of $0.27, with thin-film products averaging $0.28/W.
[Operations and maintenance costs](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2020/06/03/pv-plants-lasting-longer-with-lower-operational-costs/) came in at an average of $17.80/kW last year in OECD countries and $9 elsewhere, in a year which also saw non-panel, balance-of-system equipment costs account for 65% of total project expense.
For residential solar arrays, average system prices in the 19 markets studied by IRENA ranged from $658/kW in [India](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2021/05/24/rooftop-solar-uptake-in-india-challenges-and-way-forward/) to $4,236 in [California](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2019/01/25/california-rooftop-legislation-lifts-order-book-for-swedish-equipment-supplier/), for LCOE figures from $0.055/kWh in India to $0.236 in [the U.K.](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2021/01/07/eon-enters-uk-rooftop-pv-business/) For commercial systems, India was again the cheapest place to invest last year, at an average $651/kW, but a business in California would have to find $2,974/kW. Those system costs translated into LCOE numbers ranging between $0.055 in India and $0.19 in Massachusetts.
This article originally appeared on [pv-magazine-usa.com](http://pv-magazine-usa.com/), and has been republished with permission by pv magazine ([www.pv-magazine.com](http://www.pv-magazine.com/) and [www.pv-magazine-usa.com](http://www.pv-magazine-usa.com/)).
[Read More](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/low-cost-renewable-hydrogen-may-already-be-in-reach)
## [Work begins on underground hydrogen storage project in Germany](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/work-begins-on-underground-hydrogen-storage-project-in-germany)
Feb 25, 2021 9:30:00 AM / by [Ralph Diermann, pv magazine](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/author/ralph-diermann-pv-magazine) posted in [Energy Storage](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/energy-storage), [Germany](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/germany), [Europe](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/europe), [Green Hydrogen](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/green-hydrogen), [World](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/world), [Hydrogen Production](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/hydrogen-production), [Clean Energy](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/clean-energy), [Clean Energy Jobs](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/clean-energy-jobs), [Hydrogen Fuel Cells](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/hydrogen-fuel-cells), [Hydrogen Economy](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/hydrogen-economy)
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The site where the new salt cavern is being built.
*Image: EWE*
German energy provider EWE has started the construction of a cavern for [hydrogen storage in Rüdersdorf, near Berlin](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2020/12/18/german-gas-provider-builds-cavern-for-hydrogen-storage/).
The cavern storage facility will have a capacity of 500 cubic meters, which corresponds to the volume of a single-family house. The company is working with the German Aerospace Center (DLR) on this project.
The DLR Institute for Networked Energy Systems will examine, among other things, the quality of the hydrogen during storage and after it has been extracted from the cavern.
In the first stage of the project, EWE will build a derrick on an existing borehole and this work is expected to take a week. The utility will then install and cement a steel pipe from the surface to a depth of 1,000 meters by the beginning of April. This will connect the pilot cavern with the earth's surface.
“In the context of the research project, we particularly hope to gain knowledge of the degree of purity of the hydrogen after it has been withdrawn from the cavern,” said EWE project manager Hayo Seeba. This factor is crucial for the use of hydrogen in the mobility sector.
The knowledge that the small pilot cavern will provide should be easily transferable to caverns with a volume that is 1,000 times higher, the company went on to say. The aim is to use caverns with a volume of 500,000 cubic meters for large scale hydrogen storage in the future.
EWE owns 37 salt caverns that represent 15% of all German cavern storage facilities that could be suitable for storing hydrogen in the future. “This would mean that large quantities of green hydrogen generated from renewable energies could be stored and used as required and would become an indispensable component in order to achieve set climate targets,” Seeba added.
Scientists at Germany’s [Jülich Institute for Energy and Climate Research](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2015/01/23/industry-urges-european-pv-research-sector-to-wake-up_100017914/) (IEK-3) recently revealed that Europe has the potential to inject hydrogen in bedded salt deposits and salt domes with a [total energy storage capacity of 84.8 PWh](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2020/06/16/hydrogen-storage-in-salt-caverns/). Most of these salt caverns are concentrated in northern Europe, at offshore and onshore locations. Germany accounts for the largest share, followed by the [Netherlands](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2019/12/13/hydrogen-production-as-an-antidote-to-grid-constraints-in-northern-netherlands/), the United Kingdom, [Norway](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2020/06/11/norway-extends-support-for-rooftop-pv/), [Denmark](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2019/12/20/denmark-bets-on-green-hydrogen/), and Poland. Other potential sites are in Romania, [France](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2019/11/18/engie-and-air-liquide-join-forces-to-develop-green-hydrogen/), [Spain](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2019/05/09/spains-balearic-islands-to-host-10-mw-hydrogen-project/), and Portugal.
“[Germany](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2020/04/23/north-german-pilot-hydrogen-project-gets-cash-boost/) has the highest storage potential in both onshore and offshore contexts,” the group said.
This article originally appeared on [pv-magazine-usa.com](http://pv-magazine-usa.com/), and has been republished with permission by pv magazine ([www.pv-magazine.com](http://www.pv-magazine.com/) and [www.pv-magazine-usa.com](http://www.pv-magazine-usa.com/))
[Read More](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/work-begins-on-underground-hydrogen-storage-project-in-germany)
## [German salt caverns on land could store 9.4 petawatt hours of energy in the form of hydrogen](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/german-salt-caverns-on-land-could-store-9.4-petawatt-hours-of-energy-in-the-form-of-hydrogen)
Nov 25, 2020 9:00:00 AM / by [Petra Hannen, pv magazine](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/author/petra-hannen-pv-magazine) posted in [Energy Storage](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/energy-storage), [Germany](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/germany), [Hydrogen](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/hydrogen), [Europe](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/europe), [Green Hydrogen](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/green-hydrogen), [utility scale storage](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/utility-scale-storage), [Clean Energy](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/clean-energy)
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Caverns like this one in the Salina Slănic salt mine in Romania could serve as large storage tanks for hydrogen from renewable energies.
Photo: Dan Tamas / Janos Urai
Salt caverns for storing energy from renewable sources have long been in focus. EWE, for example, wants to build [a redox flow battery with an output of 120 megawatts](https://www.pv-magazine.de/2017/06/22/ewe-plant-bau-eines-batteriespeicher-mit-120-megawatt-leistung/) in the [caverns of a former salt dome near Oldenburg by 2023](https://www.pv-magazine.de/2017/06/22/ewe-plant-bau-eines-batteriespeicher-mit-120-megawatt-leistung/) . And RWE Gas Storage West GmbH and CMBlu Energy AG have started a joint research project [aimed at](https://www.pv-magazine.de/2020/09/30/rwe-will-grossspeicher-mit-organic-flow-technologie-in-salzkavernen-erforschen/) converting the [salt caverns previously used for gas storage into large, organic river batteries](https://www.pv-magazine.de/2020/09/30/rwe-will-grossspeicher-mit-organic-flow-technologie-in-salzkavernen-erforschen/) . Underground salt caverns are also seen as a promising storage option for storing hydrogen as an energy source. A team from RWTH Aachen University, Forschungszentrum Jülich and Fraunhofer IEG rolled out how large their storage potential is in Europe[Study in the specialist magazine "International Journal of Hydrogen Energy"](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.12.161) illuminated.
The interdisciplinary team estimates the total energy storage potential in the form of hydrogen in salt caverns on land and at sea to be 84.8 petawatt hours, with 23.2 petawatt hours on land and 61.6 petawatt hours at sea. According to the analysis, Germany has a total of 35.7 petawatt hours, of which 9.4 petawatt hours are on land - the largest national potential on land in Europe. For comparison: the potential for pumped water storage power plants in Europe is around 0.123 petawatt hours.
"Salt caverns are the most promising option for large storage facilities due to the low investment costs, good sealing and low shielding gas requirement," says Peter Kukla, Head of the Georesources Department at Fraunhofer IEG and Professor of Geology at RWTH Aachen University. In order to estimate the economic potential of the salt storage, a more detailed energy system analysis is necessary. This could correlate economic and ecological aspects, energy profiles as well as locations with high energy demand, high energy supply and high storage capacity.
[Read More](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/german-salt-caverns-on-land-could-store-9.4-petawatt-hours-of-energy-in-the-form-of-hydrogen)
## [Global green hydrogen project pipeline reaches 50 GW](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/globalgreenhydrogen)
Sep 14, 2020 10:00:00 AM / by [Emiliano Bellini, pv magazine](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/author/emiliano-bellini-pv-magazine) posted in [Policy](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/policy), [United States](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/united-states), [Energy Storage](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/energy-storage), [Markets](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/markets), [Germany](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/germany), [Hydrogen](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/hydrogen), [Europe](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/europe), [Spain](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/spain), [Green Hydrogen](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/green-hydrogen), [China](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/china), [Global](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/global), [World](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/world), [utility scale storage](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/utility-scale-storage), [Grids](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/grids), [Integration](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/integration), [Sustainability](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/sustainability), [Japan](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/japan), [Hydrogen Production](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/hydrogen-production), [Markets & Policy](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/markets-policy), [Hydrogen Economy](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/hydrogen-economy), [Saudi Arabia](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/saudi-arabia), [South Korea](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/south-korea)
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The world already has a nascent hydrogen economy, according to IEEFA.
*Image: Roy Luck/Flickr*
The [Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2018/02/14/ieefa-report-identifies-nine-markets-pushing-boundaries-of-variable-renewables-integration/) (IEEFA) estimates there are 50 green hydrogen projects under development worldwide. Those projects, have a planned annual production capacity of 4 million tons of hydrogen and a total renewable power capacity of 50 GW, according to the Ohio-based thinktank, with their combined capital cost estimated at $75 billion.
In its [*Asia, Australia and Europe Leading Emerging Green Hydrogen Economy, but Project Delays Likely*](https://ieefa.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Asia_Australia_Europe-Lead-Green-Hydrogen-Economy_August-2020.pdf) study, IEEFA said the projects announced represent an embryonic global [green hydrogen economy](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2020/08/04/green-hydrogen-economy-assessment-for-us-europe/).
“Most of these 50 projects are at an early stage, with just 14 having started construction and 34 at a study or memorandum-of-understanding stage,” the report noted. “However, many of the 50 newly-announced green hydrogen projects could face delays due to uncertain financing, cumbersome joint venture structures and unfavorable seaborne-trade economics.”
The study stated the majority of the projects announced will begin commercial operation in the middle of the decade, with large scale facilities starting up in 2022-23 and 2025-26.
The report’s authors said the hydrogen strategies of China, Japan and South Korea appear to prioritize hydrogen generated using natural gas – designated grey hydrogen, or blue if facilities are intended to feature carbon capture technology – rather than ‘green’ hydrogen generated using renewable energy. IEEFA described the €430 billion ($507 billion) [hydrogen strategy of the European Union](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2020/07/07/industry-group-urges-europe-to-prioritize-green-hydrogen/) as the the most ambitious and purposeful energy transition policy to date.
“The EU’s hydrogen capex \[capital expenditure\] commitment far outweighs the commitment from Korea and Japan, reflecting the EU’s ambition to remodel its energy system and vertically integrate the hydrogen value chain with wind and solar power, electrolysis, distribution and applications,” stated the report.
Annual green hydrogen demand could reach 8.7 million tonnes by 2030, according to the IEEFA study, prompting a big supply shortfall given the current capacity of the project pipeline.
The report lists all publicized projects, including five facilities announced in the last two months – an 85 MW Nikola Motor Company plant in the U.S.; a 4 GW facility in Saudi Arabia planned by Air Products, Acwa Power and Neom; a 20 MW electrolyser being developed by U.S. energy company NextEra; a [100 MW solar park, storage facility and hydrogen production site in Puertollano](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2020/07/28/europes-largest-solar-storage-hydrogen-project/), central Spain, by Iberdrola; and a 30 MW electrolyzer project by German consortium WestKüste100.
“There remains ample room for more hydrogen projects to meet global demand and further policy support will be necessary to grow this nascent industry,” added the report’s authors.
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## [Electrolyzer overview: Lowering the cost of hydrogen and distributing its production](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/electrolyzer-overview-lowering-the-cost-of-hydrogen-and-distributing-its-production)
May 26, 2020 9:15:00 AM / by [Cornelia Lichner, pv magazine](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/author/cornelia-lichner-pv-magazine) posted in [Policy](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/policy), [Energy Storage](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/energy-storage), [Markets](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/markets), [Installations](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/installations), [Germany](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/germany), [Italy](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/italy), [Canada](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/canada)
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*Image: Shell Rheinland*
Jan-Justus Schmidt has announced what could be a minor revolution in the hydrogen economy. A small device, about the size of a microwave oven, would enable any household to produce the chemical element. The Enapter founder and CEO says that the devices can already produce hydrogen for less than $7.60/kg. Before 2030, he wants to bring that figure down to $1.60/kg.
Schmidt is looking to achieve what many before him have tried and failed to do. He’s looking to create a system that produces hydrogen for self-consumption and for use as seasonal storage. The targeted costs are promising, provided there is cheap green electricity to power the electrolyzers.
Schmidt is not the only one to pursue this revolution. Several small and large companies are in the starting blocks. Central versus distributed is not only an issue in power generation. There is also lively debate about which approach is more promising for the production of green hydrogen.
#### Savings potential
Generating hydrogen is simple in principle. Electrolysis has been around since 1800. The method known as alkaline electrolysis has been in commercial use since the middle of the 20th century. It uses a cell with a cathode, an anode and an electrolyte based on a solution of caustic salts. When voltage is applied, water decomposes in the alkaline solution. Hydrogen is formed at the cathode and oxygen at the anode. Between the two electrodes is a membrane that only allows negatively charged ions of oxygen and hydrogen (OH-) to pass through, thus separating the gases. Heat is generated during the reaction which, when harnessed, increases its efficiency. The hydrogen obtained must then be cleaned, dried and if necessary, compressed.
The electrolyte is liquid, which means that the alkaline electrolyzer requires more peripheral equipment, such as pumps for the electrolyte, solution washing, and preparation. Although it is currently the cheapest of all electrolysis processes to purchase, it has relatively high maintenance costs.
The much more recent electrolysis method, which uses a proton exchange membrane (PEM), is different. It reverses the fuel cell principle and requires no liquid electrolyte. Water is pressed through a stack of two electrodes and a polymer membrane. It only allows positively charged hydrogen protons to pass through. Platinum is usually used as a catalyst in the cell. The thin cells consisting of a membrane and a pair of electrodes can be arranged in stacks to achieve better performance. Compared to alkaline electrolysis, PEM electrolysis has the advantage of quickly reacting to the fluctuations typical of renewable power generation. This technology is often used for distributed systems because the equipment is low-maintenance and delivers high-quality gas.
A newer variant is the anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolysis employed by [Enapter](https://www.enapter.com/electrolyser). Like alkaline electrolysis, this method allows negatively charged ions (OH-) to pass through the membrane. AEM avoids the use of the costly precious metals required as catalysts in PEM electrolysis. The process is also effective at smaller-scale, making it suitable for decentralized applications.
High-temperature electrolysis uses a somewhat different concept. Ceramic membranes that conduct ions at very high temperatures separate superheated steam at 600 to 800 degrees Celsius into oxygen and hydrogen. Since most of the energy required for this process is already provided by heat, the electrical energy requirement is lower. When industrial waste heat is used, which costs little or nothing, this method can be very efficient. Measured in terms of the electrical input, its efficiency is higher than with other methods.
#### Price strategy
Ultimately, however, efficiency is only indirectly important; what matters most is the cost. The overall cost comprises the cost of the electrolyzer, including maintenance and replacement of worn-out membranes, the price of the electricity used for the process, and any subsequent costs for drying, cleaning and compression of the gas, as well as transport.
A 2018 study by Fraunhofer ISE and IPA estimated the investment costs for a PEM electrolyzer that produces one standard cubic meter of hydrogen in one hour at around $7,600. In the meantime, however, prices have fallen to between $4,900 and $6,000, says Tom Smolinka, head of the department for chemical energy storage at Fraunhofer ISE and one of the authors of the study. The alkaline electrolyzers, which at the time of the study cost $3,300 and $6,000, are now said to be considerably cheaper in China. At the time the study was conducted, there were essentially no market-ready applications for high-temperature electrolysis.
Smolinka estimates that the production of a membrane-electrode unit – the heart of a PEM electrolysis cell – accounts for 60% to 70% of the total cost, while pure material costs – including the expensive precious metals – account for only 30% to 40%. Furthermore, he adds that the power electronics used in large electrolyzers are currently not yet a mass product, but rather a customer-specific one-off item. Accordingly, prices are likely to fall dramatically once sales volumes increase. Up to now, most electrolyzers have been manufactured in work processes involving little automation or even entirely by hand, says Smolinka. “Highly automated production, especially for cell components, as already exists for PEM fuel cells, would not be a problem technically.” However, he adds, that the current low level of market demand is preventing manufacturers from making the necessary investments.
#### Investment costs
A number of market players are working to bring down investment costs. An example of this is the joint venture between ITM Power and Linde, which plans to open a semi-automated factory in Sheffield, U.K., this year to produce 1 GW of electrolysis capacity per year, primarily for multi-megawatt projects, such as the one in Cologne. Other well-known companies have also announced major projects and are expanding production. NEL, for instance, is currently gearing up for a 20 MW project in Denmark, and Hydrogenics is readying the launch of a smiliar-sized project in Canada. Alongside project size, stack performance is also improving. Currently, stacks are generally available with an electrical input power of 400 kW. Soon, several of the players want to increase this capacity to 1 MW. Scaling the size should reduce costs.
Enapter takes a different approach. The Italian-German company is resolute in its commitment to a small standardized product that can be produced in ever larger quantities and then installed side-by-side as needed. Founder and CEO Schmidt draws parallels to the computer world to illustrate the plausibility of the concept. Distributed personal computers have replaced mainframe computers to a large extent, because high production volumes made them cheaper to make than a small number of mainframe computers. Similarly, the Enapter product is expected to reduce costs compared to the large central electrolyzers, which are not manufactured industrially.
This discussion about whether the goal is achieved faster by scaling up to larger units in smaller quantities or by scaling up to larger quantities of smaller units is common in many industries. Skeptics say that the latter approach is not as promising for electrolyzers for reasons of physics. Unlike computers, the performance of electrolyzers would not increase many times over as they were scaled down in size. On the other hand, with AEM electrolysis, the possible elimination of precious metals could make distributed generation viable for the mass market.
At a current price of $9,800, the device supplies half a cubic meter of hydrogen per hour, or one kilogram of hydrogen every 24 hours. With a targeted service life of 30,000 hours, the unit currently achieves a price of $7.30/kg, which corresponds to $0.19/kWh (calorific value). These figures, however, do not include the price of the 54 kWh of electricity required to produce 1 kilogram of hydrogen with AEM electrolysis. If we assume, for example, that the input electricity costs $0.055/kWh, this adds another $3/kg, or $0.075/kWh of hydrogen, to the production cost.
As soon as automated production at the Pisa site starts up as planned in four years time, the electrolyzer will be so cheap that the target of $1.64 per kilogram minus electricity costs will be achieved, says Schmidt. At that point, the developers hope that it would not only be worthwhile to use the device for distributed generation, but also to assemble larger aggregates, as in the computer example. Installing 416 of the units would achieve an output of 1 MW.
#### Source of uncertainty
The service-life of the devices is included in all of the cost estimates, which, as with any new technology, cannot be easily proven. For example, it is impossible to verify whether an AEM electrolyzer will really last 30,000 hours and a PEM electrolyzer between 60,000 and 80,000 hours, as the manufacturers claim. However, Schmidt from Enapter and Tom Smolinka’s researchers agree that AEM and PEM cells scarcely age at all over time. Also, whether the electrolyzer runs under full load or only at half power makes little difference.
Ultimately, the membrane itself is not the only factor that determines service life. “The greatest influence on the service life is the water quality,” says Smolinka. Impurities accumulate in the fine pores of the membrane, which block them, or in the case of salts, form bridges.
Another factor that gums up electrolysis cells is the temperature. Excessive loads lead to higher temperatures in the entire system, and unevenly coated electrodes can create hot spots.
Areva H2Gen will address this challenge over the next three years. In a research project at Industriepark Höchst, the company is using a 1 MW PEM electrolyzer. In addition to hydrogen production, it will also provide primary control power in the future, which means that it will sometimes be operated at twice its capacity, while at other times at only a fraction of its 250 kW capacity. If the concept proves practicable, it will not only open up additional income for operators of electrolysis plants but could also help to stabilize the electrical grid.
According to cost calculations by project manager Lucas Busemeyer, Enapter’s cost objective can already be achieved today with Areva H2Gen’s centralized unit. With continuous utilization of the plant – 8,000 operating hours per year over a period of 20 years – a hydrogen price of $3.90/kg is achievable at an electricity price of $0.055/kWh. This estimate assumes that the PEM stack would be replaced once after 10 years.
#### Significant reductions
Since power costs are a decisive factor in total generation costs, the technology and its utilization cannot be separated. Anyone purchasing green electricity from the grid, whether through PPAs or as certified green electricity, has to consider connection fees, levies and surcharges on the electricity price, whatever the legal regulations may be. However, the electrolyzer can connect directly to an existing gas or hydrogen network, as is the case with Shell and Areva H2Gen, in Höchst.
Operators who generate hydrogen with smaller solar systems may be able to make use of the heat and thus increase economic efficiency, and may also use the fuel directly for heating or for refueling vehicles without the need to transport it. Such producers also save a portion of the levies and surcharges on the electricity price and reduce the burden on the grid.
In principle, however, investors who plan to use solar energy alone to operate the electrolyzer will have to accept a longer payback period, as the energy is only available for a low number of full-load hours.
Significant reductions in electricity consumption for electrolysis can be achieved with high-temperature devices that have the highest electrical efficiencies of 80% to 90%. One of the pioneers for this technology is Sunfire from Dresden. Instead of 55 kWh as in PEM electrolysis, only 41.4 kWh of electricity are needed to produce 1 kilogram of hydrogen. To do this, however, the electrolysis cell must be heated. It is therefore a good idea to install them where industrial waste heat is generated, such as in steel plants. If steel production is to be CO2-free, sector coupling is perfect, because the hydrogen produced can be consumed immediately. With the oxygen membrane Sunfire uses, not only can water be split to produce hydrogen, but any molecule containing oxygen, such as hydrocarbons or even carbon dioxide, can be separated, says Nils Aldag, COO of Sunfire. The resulting gas can easily be processed into synthetic crude oil, which is much easier to transport than bulky hydrogen.
The question of centralized or distributed electrolysis will probably not be an either/or but a both/and matter in the end. The task is enormous. The Shell Rheinland refinery in Cologne alone, which according to the company is the largest refinery in Germany, requires 180,000 metric tons of hydrogen a year. It is still produced mainly by steam reformation from natural gas, which produces a lot of climate-damaging CO2. Since mid-2019, the company has been building a 10 MW electrolysis plant at the Wesseling plant. According to Shell, the world’s largest plant utilizing proton exchange membrane technology in the world will be installed there. And yet around 140 such plants would be necessary for just this one company to switch to green hydrogen.
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This article originally appeared on [pv-magazine-usa.com](http://pv-magazine-usa.com/), and has been republished with permission by pv magazine ([www.pv-magazine.com](http://www.pv-magazine.com/) and [www.pv-magazine-usa.com](http://www.pv-magazine-usa.com/))
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## [Fraunhofer Society presents hydrogen roadmap for Germany](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/fraunhofer-society-presents-hydrogen-roadmap-for-germany)
May 19, 2020 9:15:00 AM / by [Ralph Diermann, pv magazine](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/author/ralph-diermann-pv-magazine) posted in [Politics](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/politics), [Markets](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/markets), [Decarbonize](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/decarbonize), [Climate Pledge](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/climate-pledge), [Decarbonization](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/decarbonization), [Germany](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/germany), [Hydrogen](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/hydrogen), [Green Hydrogen](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/green-hydrogen), [Global](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/global)
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Fraunhofer ISE has been testing hydrogen feed into the natural gas distribution network in a pilot plant for two years.
Photo: Fraunhofer ISE
While the German government is postponing the adoption of a national hydrogen strategy time and time again, the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft is presenting: The researchers have now presented a hydrogen roadmap that outlines a path for the introduction and development of the hydrogen economy in the various fields of application. They rely entirely on green hydrogen, which is produced using renewable energies - [unlike the Federal Ministry of Economics, which also believes that the production of blue hydrogen obtained from natural gas makes sense for a transition phase](https://www.pv-magazine.de/2019/11/05/nationale-wasserstoffstrategie-bedarf-an-gruenem-und-blauem-wasserstoff-aus-dem-in-und-ausland/) .
[The Fraunhofer position paper](https://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/content/dam/ise/de/documents/publications/studies/2019-10_Fraunhofer_Wasserstoff-Roadmap_fuer_Deutschland.pdf?utm_source=mailing&utm_campaign=2020-pi-04-de) shows different paths of the market ramp-up and suggests possible measures for realizing this market development. These include an adjustment of the regulatory framework for taxes, levies and levies on electricity and the promotion of demonstration projects. Internationally uniform regulations and standards on hydrogen should also be created and regulatory barriers for fuel cell vehicles and hydrogen filling stations removed. Last but not least, it is important to invest in research in order to reduce costs and increase the longevity of the technologies.
"From our point of view, the technology basis of the entire value chain exists," says Christopher Hebling, Head of Hydrogen Technologies at the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE. "Now it is important to set the course in such a way that the scale-up for the implementation of further cost reductions and the accumulation of operating experience succeed."
The Fraunhofer researchers are convinced that water electrolysis is of central industrial political importance in Germany - not only with regard to the generation of the required hydrogen, but also as a flexibility option in the power grid and as a core technology for the international export market. For Germany alone, studies assume that installed capacity will grow to 50 to 80 gigawatts by 2050. In order to achieve this, the performance of the electrolysers installed in Germany must grow immediately by double-digit megawatt values, the researchers demand. By the end of this decade, annual growth in the range of one gigawatt must be achieved.
**New international energy partnerships**
In their roadmap, the Fraunhofer researchers also make it clear that close international cooperation is essential for the development of a hydrogen economy. Production on an industrial scale could arise above all where the cost of electricity from photovoltaic and wind power plants is less than 3 cents per kilowatt hour and the number of full load hours is at least 4,000 per year. This would make it possible to produce hydrogen and synthesis products based on it at internationally competitive costs. Similar to LNG, hydrogen could be shipped in liquid form to Germany and other importing countries. Alternatively, it could also be transported in chemically bound form, such as ammonia, methanol or LOHC (Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers).
"Many regions in the world are preparing for this form of trading in sustainably produced energy sources and basic chemicals, which will enable Germany to have further energy partnerships beyond the previous fossil energy partnerships," says Mario Ragwitz, head of the Fraunhofer Institute for Energy Infrastructures and Geothermal Energy IEG.
The expected global hydrogen demand opens up attractive export opportunities for German industry - another argument for the development of a strong home market. The Fraunhofer researchers expect that 2050 electrolysis capacities of 3000 gigawatts will be installed worldwide. The scientists estimate the possible added value for German manufacturers in electrolysis and fuel cells at around 32 billion euros.
The Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ISI and the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, with the participation of the Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS and the Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems, were in charge of the hydrogen roadmap IKTS.
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This article originally appeared on [pv-magazine-germany.com](https://www.pv-magazine.de/?utm_source=crossdomain&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=tabs) and has been republished with permission by pv magazine ([www.pv-magazine.com](http://www.pv-magazine.com/) and [www.pv-magazine-germany.com](https://www.pv-magazine.de/?utm_source=crossdomain&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=tabs).
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## ["GET H2 nucleus": BP, Evonik, RWE Generation, Nowega and OGE are planning a green hydrogen network in Germany](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/get-h2-nucleus-bp-evonik-rwe-generation-nowega-and-oge-are-planning-a-green-hydrogen-network-in-germany)
May 12, 2020 9:15:00 AM / by [Sandra Enkhardt, pv magazine](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/author/sandra-enkhardt-pv-magazine) posted in [Markets](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/markets), [Decarbonize](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/decarbonize), [Decarbonization](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/decarbonization), [Germany](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/germany), [Hydrogen](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/hydrogen), [Green Hydrogen](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/green-hydrogen), [Highlights](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/highlights)
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"GET H2 Nucleus" is the first freely accessible hydrogen infrastructure in Germany to combine the generation, transport and purchase of green hydrogen, as this schematic illustration shows.
Source: obs / Nowega GmbH / GET H2
Everyone is talking about green hydrogen as a beacon of hope for the energy transition in Germany, even if there are only a few concrete projects on a large scale. The corresponding infrastructure for transporting green hydrogen is also lacking. But five industrial companies now want to change this. BP, Evonik, Nowega, OGE and RWE Generation signed a letter of intent to develop the "GET H2 Nucleus" project.
According to their own information from Tuesday, they want to build Germany's first publicly accessible hydrogen network between Gelsenkirchen in North Rhine-Westphalia and Lingen in Lower Saxony by the end of 2022. The green hydrogen will then be used to supply industrial companies in the two federal states, it was said. It is planned to generate the green hydrogen in a 100 megawatt RWE Generation electrolyser in Lingen. Then it should be transported to existing customers such as refineries or chemical parks in Lingen, Marl and Gelsenkirchen via existing gas pipelines from the network operators Nowega and OGE, some of which still need to be converted, as well as a new part from Evonik. The network should be available to dealers and consumers on a non-discriminatory basis.
However, companies also asked politicians to create the necessary legal framework that would enable the rapid expansion of green hydrogen production and the associated infrastructure. Above all, they would need investment security. In addition to the appropriate political framework, the economic ones would also have to be right to start the project by the end of 2022 if possible.
The supply of industrial companies with green hydrogen is one of the "low-hanging fruits" for a lower-carbon future. Many of these companies would already use large amounts of hydrogen in their production processes. By switching to green hydrogen, CO2 emissions could be reduced quickly and significantly. The construction of a hydrogen infrastructure based on the existing gas infrastructure guarantees exactly the security of supply to which industrial customers depend, as the project partners said. In the future, existing cavern storage facilities should be integrated along the hydrogen line. This would further increase security of supply.
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## [Storage highlights: Areva H2Gen's electrolyzer becomes dynamic and provides control power](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/storage-highlights-areva-h2gens-electrolyzer-becomes-dynamic-and-provides-control-power)
Mar 12, 2020 9:30:00 AM / by [Cornelia Lichner, pv magazine](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/author/cornelia-lichner-pv-magazine) posted in [Germany](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/germany), [France](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/france), [Europe](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/europe), [Highlights](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/highlights), [Technology](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/technology)
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Photo: Areva H2Gen
In its new environment, the container is unlikely to attract attention. Because pipes, valves and pressure vessels abound in the Höchst industrial park near Frankfurt. There, various companies use hydrogen for their production and chemical processes, and this is where the latest Areva H2Gen product will find its first place. With its contribution to the “MethQuest” research project, the company shows in which direction the development of large-scale PEM electrolysis can go. The specific device has an output of slightly more than one megawatt. The novelty is the overcapacity in the same amount.
## Introduce the top 5 memory highlights
**Together with Messe Düsseldorf, pv magazine** produced a special edition **in advance of [Energy Storage Europe, which will take place in Düsseldorf from March 10th to 13th,](https://www.eseexpo.de/)**** and** entrusted an independent **jury of renowned analysts and industry** experts **(see below)** with the 22 trade fair highlights submitted to rate. First, we present the five best "gigawatt winners" in an article series, then the 5 "megawatt winners".
On the second day of the Energy Storage Europe fair in Düsseldorf, **on March 11th from 10:05 am to 11:25 am, the 5 gigawatt winners pitch their concepts and products** at the exhibition forum in hall 8b, **followed by a discussion with the audience and the jurors** . The event is free for visitors to the fair.
There you can also discuss the Areva H2Gen product with Julius Holsten, Project Manager PEM Electrolysis & Hydrogen Infrastructure.
According to the optimistic cost estimate by project manager Lucas Busemeyer, the technology already comes at a hydrogen cost of 3.60 per kilogram, including electricity costs of 5 cents per kilowatt hour. This would place them where decentralized electrolysis will only take in the next five to ten years. However, only with almost full utilization of the device with 8000 hours a year over 20 years. It must therefore be operated with mains electricity.
But since hydrogen from steam reformation is often even cheaper, Areva wants to make its unit fit for marketing on the balancing energy market (FCR) and to cross-finance it with its revenues. In addition, the device then contributes to the integration of renewable energies.
The challenge for this is that the electrolyzer can run at times with twice the output of 2 megawatts, at times with only 250 kilowatts, without damaging it or aging faster. The adaptations of the technology to this highly dynamic driving style are deliberately kept to a minimum, explains Busemeyer. The overcapacity should only increase the investment costs by 20 percent. He expects this premium to pay for itself within three to five years and hopes that the novelty will lower the hydrogen price to around EUR 3.45 per kilogram.
### **Comments from the judges**
**Xavier Daval** : “The solution can deliver balancing energy and contribute to grid stabilization. Once the energy is converted to hydrogen, it can be used for various applications such as mobility or industry. ”
This article originally appeared on [pv-magazine-usa.com](http://pv-magazine-usa.com/), and has been republished with permission by pv magazine ([www.pv-magazine.com](http://www.pv-magazine.com/) and [www.pv-magazine-usa.com](http://www.pv-magazine-usa.com/))
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## [Germany, the Netherlands and North Rhine-Westphalia are investigating possibilities for the large-scale production of green hydrogen](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/germany-the-netherlands-and-north-rhine-westphalia-are-investigating-possibilities-for-the-large-scale-production-of-green-hydrogen)
Feb 10, 2020 9:00:00 AM / by [Ralph Diermann, pv magazine](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/author/ralph-diermann-pv-magazine) posted in [Politics](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/politics), [Germany](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/germany), [Netherlands](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/netherlands), [Hydrogen](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/hydrogen)
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The study is also intended to investigate the legal framework necessary for the industrial use of green hydrogen.
Photo: Nel Hydrogen
Germany, the Netherlands and North Rhine-Westphalia have commissioned a feasibility study on the creation of a transnational value chain for green hydrogen from the North Sea to industrial clusters in the border area of the Netherlands and North Rhine-Westphalia. The study is scheduled to be released later this year.
Specifically, experts from the project management organizations - on the German side this is Forschungszentrum Jülich and an institution to be named, on the Dutch side the national organization for applied natural science research TNO - have been commissioned to develop possible business cases for the production of green hydrogen by using a Dutch one -to examine German production and transport infrastructure for hydrogen.
In addition, they are intended to probe the interest of industry in green hydrogen and potential areas of application, and to present the existing legal framework in connection with the production, transport, trading and use of green hydrogen. In addition, they are commissioned to analyze which legal framework conditions have to be created in order to be able to create transnational business cases for green hydrogen.
**Draft National Hydrogen Strategy**
In the meantime, the central contents of the National Hydrogen Strategy by Federal Minister of Economics Peter Altmaier (CDU) have become known. The federal government actually wanted to present the strategy by the end of last year. The minister's draft is now in the departmental vote.
[As the "Spiegel" reports as the first medium](https://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/soziales/energiewende-peter-altmaier-will-globale-vorreiterrolle-bei-co2-freiem-wasserstoff-a-f05471a8-620e-4e05-970c-bf609aee0ae0) , the strategy envisages that by 2030 a total of 20 percent of the hydrogen consumed in this country should be "green" - i.e. generated by electrolysis with solar or wind power. To this end, the Federal Government wants to promote the installation of electrolysers with an output of three to five gigawatts.
Investments in the infrastructure for the distribution of hydrogen are also to be supported. A particular focus will be on expanding the network of filling stations and on supplying industry. Research into the production and use of the energy source should also be promoted more strongly. The draft strategy assumes that Germany cannot meet the demand for climate-friendly hydrogen on its own. Therefore, the Federal Republic should enter into energy partnerships, especially with African countries.
The summary of the "Spiegel" allows the conclusion that the Federal Ministry of Economics is now completely on green hydrogen. In November Altmaier, together with three ministerial colleagues, published a contribution to the discussion on the National Hydrogen Strategy, which emphasized the importance of "CO2-free" hydrogen for the energy transition. [The ministers subsumed “CO2-free” in addition to those from green electricity electrolysis, but also hydrogen from natural gas in combination with CCS technologies - so-called blue hydrogen. ](https://www.pv-magazine.de/2019/11/05/nationale-wasserstoffstrategie-bedarf-an-gruenem-und-blauem-wasserstoff-aus-dem-in-und-ausland/)According to the four ministers, the energy turnaround requires “CO2-free hydrogen in the full range of its possibilities in the medium to long term”.
This article originally appeared on [pv-magazine-de.com](https://www.pv-magazine.de/), and has been republished with permission by pv magazine ([www.pv-magazine.com](http://www.pv-magazine.com/) and [www.pv-magazine-de.com](https://www.pv-magazine.de/)).
[Read More](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/germany-the-netherlands-and-north-rhine-westphalia-are-investigating-possibilities-for-the-large-scale-production-of-green-hydrogen)
## [European carrier plans hydrogen buses for long-distance routes](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/european-carrier-plans-hydrogen-buses-for-long-distance-routes)
Nov 15, 2019 10:43:26 PM / by [PV Magazine](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/author/pv-magazine) posted in [Transportation](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/transportation), [Fuel Cells](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/fuel-cells), [Germany](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/germany), [FlixMobility](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/flixmobility), [BYD](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/byd), [France](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/france), [Netherlands](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/netherlands), [Scandinavia](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/scandinavia), [Hydrogen](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/hydrogen), [Europe](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/europe), [Flixbus](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/flixbus), [Freudenberg Sealing Technologies](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/freudenberg-sealing-technologies), [André Schwämmlein](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/andré-schwämmlein), [Claus Möhlenkamp](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/claus-möhlenkamp), [Italy](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/italy), [Austria](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/austria), [Croatia](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/croatia), [Spain](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/spain), [England](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/england), [Eastern Europe](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/topic/eastern-europe)
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German coach company planning start-up Flixbus will test hydrogen fuel cell vehicles on long-distance routes.
Flixbus may soon be operating European-made hydrogen fuel cell coaches across the continent.
*Image: Janusz Jakubowski/Flickr*
From **[pv magazine Spain](https://www.pv-magazine.es/2019/11/11/la-alemana-flixbus-proyecta-los-primeros-autobuses-de-hidrogeno-de-larga-distancia-en-europa/)**.
Germany’s FlixMobility, parent company of coach firm FlixBus, is working with [electromobility](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2018/11/14/boom-in-electromobility-unlikely-to-cause-lithium-shortage/) business [Freudenberg Sealing Technologies](https://www.pv-magazine.com/press-releases/simrit-unveils-solar-retaining-clip-at-solar-power-international-2011_10004688/) to test [hydrogen fuel cell buses](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2019/07/30/hydrogen-buses-for-bolzano-italy/) on long-distance journeys.
Flixbus said it has already begun talks with bus manufacturers about the introduction of hydrogen models.
“After being the first to successfully launch three fully electric buses, we now want to develop the first long-distance buses powered by fuel cells, along with Freudenberg technology, to mark another milestone in the history of mobility,” said André Schwämmlein, founder and CEO of FlixMobility.
The first [e-buses](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2018/05/22/affordability-and-lack-of-charging-points-stalls-electric-vehicle-take-up-in-india-bloomberg/) in France and Germany were produced by Chinese manufacturers [BYD](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2019/06/05/kyocera-byd-to-cooperate-on-e-bus-charging-demand-aggregation/) and Yutong for FlixBus. The company claims fuel cell transport offers European bus makers a chance to participate in the future of sustainable mobility.
Flixmobility said fuel cell vehicles must have a range of at least 500km and refueling should take a maximum of 20 minutes. The performance characteristics of fuel cell buses, such as power and acceleration, must also align with current long-distance bus standards, said the travel company.
**Pilot fleet**
Claus Möhlenkamp, CEO of Freudenberg Sealing Technologies said: “A hybrid system that properly combines the battery and fuel cells is especially practical for heavy vehicles that cover long distances since purely electric vehicles still do not have the ability to cover long distances. In the first phase of the FlixBus fuel cell project, a representative bus fleet will be equipped with the technology as a pilot test.”
FlixBus – which owns no buses or drivers – offers permitting, network planning, marketing, pricing, quality management and customer services to regional bus companies, which supply coaches and drivers and day to day management of routes. The company was created in Munich in 2011 by three entrepreneurs who wanted to offer sustainable, comfortable and affordable travel. At the same time, MeinFernbus started in Berlin, with its green buses circulating throughout Germany.
The bus market was opened up to competition in Germany in 2013 and the rival startups merged two years later with Flixbus becoming the leader in the German market. In 2015, FlixBus began its international expansion with long-distance networks in France, Italy, Austria, the Netherlands and Croatia and cross-border routes to Scandinavia, Spain, England and Eastern Europe.
*By Pilar Sánchez Molina*
*Originally published on [https://www.pv-magazine-india.com/2019/11/12/european-carrier-plans-hydrogen-buses-for-long-distance-routes/](https://www.pv-magazine-india.com/2019/11/12/european-carrier-plans-hydrogen-buses-for-long-distance-routes/)*
[Read More](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/european-carrier-plans-hydrogen-buses-for-long-distance-routes)
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- [Climate Pledge (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/climate-pledge)
- [Coal (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/coal)
- [Community Solar (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/community-solar)
- [Croatia (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/croatia)
- [DERs (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/ders)
- [Delhi (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/delhi)
- [Eastern Europe (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/eastern-europe)
- [Egypt (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/egypt)
- [Energy Consumption (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/energy-consumption)
- [Energy Generation (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/energy-generation)
- [England (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/england)
- [Environmental Impact (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/environmental-impact)
- [FlixMobility (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/flixmobility)
- [Flixbus (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/flixbus)
- [Florida (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/florida)
- [Fossil Fuels (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/fossil-fuels)
- [Freudenberg Sealing Technologies (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/freudenberg-sealing-technologies)
- [Global Warming (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/global-warming)
- [Greenhouse Gas Emissions (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/greenhouse-gas-emissions)
- [Hydrogen Action Plan (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/hydrogen-action-plan)
- [Idaho (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/idaho)
- [Industrial (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/industrial)
- [Investments (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/investments)
- [Ladakh (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/ladakh)
- [Los Angeles (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/los-angeles)
- [Microgrids (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/microgrids)
- [Modules (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/modules)
- [Oceania (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/oceania)
- [Power Generation (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/power-generation)
- [Products (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/products)
- [Research (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/research)
- [Scandinavia (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/scandinavia)
- [Solar Capital (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/solar-capital)
- [Solar Energy (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/solar-energy)
- [Solar Finance (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/solar-finance)
- [Solar assets (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/solar-assets)
- [South Korea (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/south-korea)
- [Strategic Alliances (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/strategic-alliances)
- [Tasmania (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/tasmania)
- [Transmission & Distribution (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/transmission-distribution)
- [United Arab Emirates (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/united-arab-emirates)
- [Upstream Manufacturing (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/upstream-manufacturing)
- [Utah (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/utah)
- [Utilities (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/utilities)
- [Western Australia (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/western-australia)
- [natural gas (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/natural-gas)
- [net zero (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/net-zero)
- [united kingdom (1)](https://blog.breiterplanet.com/hydrogen/tag/united-kingdom)
See all
### Recent Posts
# About Us
Breiter Planet Construction is a Northeast-based solar and electrification contractor specializing in the design, engineering, and construction of residential and commercial energy systems. Our work includes solar PV installations, battery storage and backup power systems, EV charging infrastructure, and broader electrical and building upgrades such as service upgrades, roofing integration, and energy-efficient retrofits. We operate as a developer-led builder, bringing a practical, field-driven approach to every project with a focus on long-term performance, code compliance, and system reliability. From initial concept through permitting, construction, and ongoing service, Breiter Planet delivers clean energy solutions that are built to perform and supported for the life of the system
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